Five ‘eco-types’ who focus on the environment

Opinion

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This article was published 04/01/2023 (720 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

There is little doubt society is politically polarized over many dimensions of environmental protection.

There has been a widening gap in recent years between conservative and liberal voter support for government spending on environmental protection, as well as belief in climate change and support for climate policy.

Research suggests conservatives tend to be more enamoured of capitalism and industrialization and more likely to oppose threats to economic growth. When environmental policy is framed as anti-growth, conservatives may mistrust it.

We also know fossil-fuel companies have invested heavily into misinforming the public about climate change — targeting conservative voters in particular, and exacerbated on social media.

But political polarization over the environment also has a much more emotional, personal and resolvable side: failing to recognize how people across the political spectrum care about the environment differently.

In my recently released book, Eco-Types: Five Ways of Caring about the Environment, I introduce the most common relationships with the environment I encountered in my research:

The Eco-Engaged — politically liberal with high cultural capital, cares about the environment by having solar panels on their home, driving electric cars and shopping at farmers’ markets.

The Self-Effacing — also liberal, but have less cultural capital. They care by trying to use less plastic, recycle their waste, and eat less meat, but wish they could do more.

The Optimists — politically conservative and have high cultural capital; they care about the environment by spending time in nature, teaching their kids about local plants and animals.

The Fatalists — politically conservative, young and have low cultural capital. They care by thinking and talking about the greed and excess of consumerism and the failings of corporations and governments to uphold the common good.

The Indifferent — tend to be older political conservatives. They have little connection to the environment, although they want to see it protected and admire those who garden, cycle and have solar panels.

Because these eco-types can be arranged along lines of political ideology and cultural capital, maligning or overlooking them can drive both class and political polarization over the environment.

What can we do about it?

First, instead of judging a person’s behaviors or attitudes about environmental issues, we can become curious about why they believe or act as they do. And we can trust that if we had grown up in the same circumstances, we would likely think and do the same.

Second, we can remember that everyone cares about the environment, even if we don’t like the way some people demonstrate it.

When we blame individuals for complex problems such as climate change, it shifts our attention away from the actors and institutions who should be doing less to harm the environment and more to protect it. It divides civil society at a time when we need to be united.

It turns out, something we all share is an appreciation for this astonishing planet we live on.

Emily Kennedy is Associate Professor and Associate Head in the Department of Sociology at UBC.