Social Studies Grade 12

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

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Only moratorium can save moose population: MWF

Carol Sanders 4 minute read Preview
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Only moratorium can save moose population: MWF

Carol Sanders 4 minute read Wednesday, Sep. 24, 2025

The Manitoba Wildlife Federation is calling for a moose-hunt moratorium in two parts of the province after aerial surveys showed “significantly declining” numbers of the animal.

“The populations may never bounce back,” the federation’s Chris Heald said Tuesday.

The advocacy group representing sport hunters and anglers issued a news release calling for the complete closure of the fall moose hunt in Duck Mountain and Porcupine Forest. It follows Manitoba Conservation’s 2023 aerial survey results, which indicate “significantly declining moose populations” in the game-hunting areas in western Manitoba.

It wouldn’t be the first time for a moose conservation closure there. In 2011, licensed and Indigenous hunters supported a full closure of the moose hunt after a 2010 survey the showed moose population had fallen in both areas to 2,471 animals.

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Wednesday, Sep. 24, 2025

Jonathan Hayward / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES

Manitoba Conservation’s 2023 aerial survey indicated “significantly declining moose populations” in game-hunting areas in western Manitoba.

Jonathan Hayward / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES
                                Manitoba Conservation’s 2023 aerial survey indicated “significantly declining moose populations” in game-hunting areas in western Manitoba.
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Manitoba Crown attorneys take important step toward meaningful bail reform

Tom Brodbeck 5 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 23, 2025

For years, politicians have been locked in an endless cycle of sloganeering about bail reform. You’ve probably heard it, especially from the federal Conservatives: “jail, not bail.”

The idea is that Canada’s bail laws are too weak, too “soft on crime,” too quick to release dangerous offenders back onto the street. It’s an easy line to deliver, and it taps into public anger over violent crime. But like most easy lines, it’s not grounded in reality.

We’re now beginning to learn, at least in Manitoba, why some repeat offenders charged with serious crimes may be released on bail when they shouldn’t be. And it has nothing to do with the law itself. It has everything to do with how bail court is actually run day-to-day — the nuts and bolts of how cases are handled.

On Monday, the Manitoba Association of Crown Attorneys pulled back the curtain on a system that is in disarray. They released a discussion paper and held a news conference to tell Manitobans what really goes on in bail court. Their message was clear: prosecutors often don’t have enough time, information or resources to properly argue bail cases.

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Another subdivision, another city problem

Erna Buffie 5 minute read Preview
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Another subdivision, another city problem

Erna Buffie 5 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 23, 2025

So, here we go again folks. We just get the protection of the Lemay Forest done and dusted and bingo, there’s another proposed subdivision for 23 homes on two-acre flood plain lots right across the Red River from the Lemay on the old Daman Farm site.

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Tuesday, Sep. 23, 2025

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS

Piles of trees were found cut down in the Lemay Forest before the Manitoba government announced it would expropriate the land for a provincial park.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS
                                Piles of trees were found cut down in the Lemay Forest before the Manitoba government announced it would expropriate the land for a provincial park.
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Wildfires and the new normal

Tom Law 4 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 23, 2025

Wildfires like this aren’t normal. Stop trying to normalize them.

“Bring a pair of pants and a sweater to Clear Lake — it’s unseasonably cool because of the wildfires.” That was just one of those meteorological idiosyncrasies, attempting to reach back deep into long-forgotten geography lessons, that may seem obvious to those on the Prairies. But for the outsider, a visitor from Toronto, and indeed a relative newcomer to Canada, it was certainly a shock, and a stark reminder that I would be flying into a province still under a state of emergency, which had until recently been decimated by wildfires. It was also an introduction into what may be considered ‘normal’.

Visiting Manitoba this August was extraordinary — the people most certainly lived up to the “friendly” billing that adorns the licence plates, and the scenery of Riding Mountain National Park was worth the trip alone. However, there were a number of topics of conversation that made me question what I had come to know as accepted wisdom.

Talk about fishing restrictions, Indigenous rights, oil and gas permeated discussions, with healthy, good spirited debates. But for me, the most vexing issue was wildfires. More specifically, the extent of their aftermath, effects, and associated restrictions, have become normalized.

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In cold blood: the death of American media

Judy Waytiuk 5 minute read Monday, Sep. 22, 2025

Independent mainstream legacy media in the United States is dead. The funeral just hasn’t been held yet.

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On World Rhino Day, South Africa marks progress but still loses a rhino daily to poachers

Gerald Imray And Alfonso Nqunjana, The Associated Press 5 minute read Preview
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On World Rhino Day, South Africa marks progress but still loses a rhino daily to poachers

Gerald Imray And Alfonso Nqunjana, The Associated Press 5 minute read Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2025

DINOKENG GAME RESERVE, South Africa (AP) — The Dinokeng Game Reserve in South Africa has a thriving rhino population, but their exact numbers and the details of the security operation that keeps them safe from poaching are closely guarded secrets.

They are the protocols that reserves with rhinos follow to ensure they're not the next target for poachers who still kill on average one rhino every day in South Africa for their horns despite decades of work to save the endangered species.

South Africa has the largest populations of both black and southern white rhinos of any country and sees itself as the custodian of the animals' future.

As conservationists mark World Rhino Day on Monday, South Africa remains in a constant and costly battle against poaching nearly 30 years after black rhinos were declared critically endangered, and more than a half-century since southern white rhinos were on the brink of extinction with just a few dozen left.

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Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2025

A rhino is seen at the Dinokeng Game Reserve near Hammanskraal, South Africa, Thursday, Sept. 18, 2025. (AP Photo/Alfonso Nqunjana)

A rhino is seen at the Dinokeng Game Reserve near Hammanskraal, South Africa, Thursday, Sept. 18, 2025. (AP Photo/Alfonso Nqunjana)
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Winnipeg Jets fan support ‘like none other’

Mike McIntyre 6 minute read Preview
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Winnipeg Jets fan support ‘like none other’

Mike McIntyre 6 minute read Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025

It was a vivid — and very noisy — reminder of just how hockey-crazed this community can be.

A dreary, rainy Saturday didn’t stop roughly 5,000 fans from packing into Hockey For All Centre to watch the Winnipeg Jets go through their training camp paces.

“It’s awesome. It just shows how great the support is, how great the community is,” said rookie skater Colby Barlow.

The 20-year-old from Ontario, selected 18th overall by the Jets in 2023, drew one of the loudest ovations when he buried a wicked one-timer off a Parker Ford feed to open the scoring during a scrimmage, which was the main attraction of the team’s annual Fan Fest.

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Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025

JOHN WOODS / THE CANADIAN PRESS

JOHN WOODS / THE CANADIAN PRESS
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Going with the flow: Molten master plan quickly bears fruit for dessert enterprise

David Sanderson 8 minute read Preview
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Going with the flow: Molten master plan quickly bears fruit for dessert enterprise

David Sanderson 8 minute read Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025

On Sept. 13 and 14, Melted, a four-month-old enterprise that dishes out strawberries smothered in warm melted chocolate and assorted toppings, set up shop at the Allery, on the second level of The Forks Market.

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Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025
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Small changes, big impact

Janine LeGal 5 minute read Preview
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Small changes, big impact

Janine LeGal 5 minute read Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025

Are you a climate champion or climate destroyer? Ecological quizzes and carbon-footprint calculators can help you find out.

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Saturday, Sep. 20, 2025

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS

Alexa Dawn, compost and waste reduction program co-ordinator at the Green Action Centre, has always been interested in environmentalism.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS
                                Alexa Dawn, compost and waste reduction program co-ordinator at the Green Action Centre, has always been interested in environmentalism.
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Introduction to Michif — one word at a time

Gabrielle Piché 4 minute read Preview
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Introduction to Michif — one word at a time

Gabrielle Piché 4 minute read Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

Before the wolf can howl, Norman Fleury says a Michif word: Ooyoowuk.

“Ooyoowuk,” Fleury repeats. Or, in English, “howl.”

Ooyoowuk is one of 70 words articulated by Fleury with an animation and English translation to match — all bundled into digital flashcards.

A group of Métis entrepreneurs unveiled their Michif flashcards this week. They join a swelling movement to revitalize the Métis language, which combines languages such as Cree and French.

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Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS

Co-creators of savemichif.ca, Grant and Aynsley Anderson, estimate they have produced 1,500 physical flashcard sets.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS
                                Co-creators of savemichif.ca, Grant and Aynsley Anderson, estimate they have produced 1,500 physical flashcard sets.
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St. Boniface residents drained after demolition of Happyland pool

Joyanne Pursaga 5 minute read Preview
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St. Boniface residents drained after demolition of Happyland pool

Joyanne Pursaga 5 minute read Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

As demolition continues at one outdoor pool in St. Boniface, a city councillor hopes to take a second look at extending the life of another one.

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Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

Ruth Bonneville / Free Press

Crews work on demolishing Happyland outdoor pool on Marion Street, Thursday. In an attempt to convince city council to keep the pool open for another season, area residents raised $86,000 last year to go toward the pool’s operating costs. Instead, council cast a final vote to close the facility.

Ruth Bonneville / Free Press
                                Crews work on demolishing Happyland outdoor pool on Marion Street, Thursday. In an attempt to convince city council to keep the pool open for another season, area residents raised $86,000 last year to go toward the pool’s operating costs. Instead, council cast a final vote to close the facility.
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Hudson’s Bay seeks approval to auction off 1670 charter, court filings show

Tara Deschamps, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview
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Hudson’s Bay seeks approval to auction off 1670 charter, court filings show

Tara Deschamps, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Friday, Oct. 10, 2025

TORONTO - Hudson's Bay wants to revert to its original plan to auction off its founding charter after more parties signalled interest in buying — then donating — the 1670 document, new court documents say.

The Ontario Superior Court had been due to hear a motion earlier this month approving the sale of the artifact to the Weston family of grocer Loblaw Cos. Ltd. fame. Their holding company Wittington Investments Ltd. offered $12.5 million for the charter and planned to donate it to the Canadian Museum of History.

The hearing was adjourned after DKRT Family Corp, a holding company owned by David Thomson, objected to the Weston sale. The firm acting on behalf of the billionaire chairman of Thomson Reuters was willing to spend at least $15 million on the document he wants to donate to the Archives of Manitoba.

Hudson's Bay declined to comment Friday on news that it would return to the auction plan. The new court documents did not say who else was interested in the document but noted that the retailer will seek permission on Sept. 29 to auction off the charter on Oct. 15.

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Friday, Oct. 10, 2025

The 1670 royal charter signed by King Charles II establishing Hudson's Bay, is shown on display at the Manitoba Museum where it was loaned to be displayed alongside its permanent collection of Hudson's Bay artifacts, in this 2020 handout photo. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Handout — Manitoba Museum (Mandatory Credit)

The 1670 royal charter signed by King Charles II establishing Hudson's Bay, is shown on display at the Manitoba Museum where it was loaned to be displayed alongside its permanent collection of Hudson's Bay artifacts, in this 2020 handout photo. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Handout — Manitoba Museum (Mandatory Credit)
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North Dakota missing its Manitobans

Chris Kitching 7 minute read Preview
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North Dakota missing its Manitobans

Chris Kitching 7 minute read Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

Kay Rone used to spot plenty of Manitoba licence plates outside stores, hotels and restaurants throughout Grand Forks on weekends in past years.

There haven’t been nearly as many since the COVID-19 pandemic hit in early 2020.

“Now, you hardly see them in town,” said Rone, who owns Northern Roots Boutique, a women’s clothing store opposite Columbia Mall, which was once a big draw for cross-border shoppers.

She displays a window sign welcoming Canadians.

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Friday, Sep. 19, 2025

Kay Rone, who owns Northern Roots Boutique in Grand Forks, N.D., for years has displayed a sign in her window that welcomes Canadian shoppers. (Supplied)

Kay Rone, who owns Northern Roots Boutique in Grand Forks, N.D., for years has displayed a sign in her window that welcomes Canadian shoppers. (Supplied)
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Smash n Axe Arcade Disco opens in former Nor Villa Hotel banquet room on blueprint of nostalgia

Aaron Epp 4 minute read Preview
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Smash n Axe Arcade Disco opens in former Nor Villa Hotel banquet room on blueprint of nostalgia

Aaron Epp 4 minute read Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

The dream of the ‘90s is alive in North Kildonan, and it’s been given a 2025 twist.

Adam Dudek and Raj Maniar have fond memories of visiting arcades 30 years ago, playing games and seeing the designs on the carpets glow under black lights. So when they were decorating Smash n Axe Arcade Disco, the River East neighbourhood business they opened on Wednesday, they decided to give it a neon splash.

“We really wanted to bring people back in time and give them the feeling they had when they were a kid,” Dudek said.

Located in the basement of the Nor Villa Hotel (1763 Henderson Hwy.), Smash n Axe features more than 20 arcade games, including 11 pinball machines.

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Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS

Raj Maniar (left) and Adam Dudek, owners of Smash n Axe Arcade Disco, a new business that combines four axe throwing lanes, two rage rooms, numerous arcade games and a bar.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS
                                Raj Maniar (left) and Adam Dudek, owners of Smash n Axe Arcade Disco, a new business that combines four axe throwing lanes, two rage rooms, numerous arcade games and a bar.
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Clarity, ‘competitiveness’ key to name change

Gabrielle Piché 4 minute read Preview
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Clarity, ‘competitiveness’ key to name change

Gabrielle Piché 4 minute read Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

In some ways, the entity that helped draw the 2023 World Police and Fire Games, a studio for video game publisher Ubisoft and the 2025 Grey Cup to Winnipeg isn’t changing.

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Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

Ruth Bonneville / Free Press

‘In an increasingly competitive world, we need to cut through the noise and be as clear and as focused as we can be,’ says Ryan Kuffner, president of Winnipeg Economic Development & Tourism, at the non-profit’s HQ at One Lombard Pl.

Ruth Bonneville / Free Press
                                ‘In an increasingly competitive world, we need to cut through the noise and be as clear and as focused as we can be,’ says Ryan Kuffner, president of Winnipeg Economic Development & Tourism, at the non-profit’s HQ at One Lombard Pl.
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Discovering public art by chance

Stephen Borys 5 minute read Preview
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Discovering public art by chance

Stephen Borys 5 minute read Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

A few weeks ago, on a bike ride through St. Boniface with my wife, we veered off the familiar path and stumbled upon something unexpected.

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Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025
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Drunk driver who killed woman in 2022 hit-and-run denied parole

Erik Pindera 6 minute read Preview
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Drunk driver who killed woman in 2022 hit-and-run denied parole

Erik Pindera 6 minute read Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

The man who killed a 24-year-old woman while driving drunk in a high-speed hit-and-run collision in Transcona in 2022 was denied parole Wednesday.

In November 2023, Tyler Scott Goodman was sentenced to seven years in prison — six for impaired driving causing death and one for leaving the scene — for the collision that killed Jordyn Reimer on May 1, 2022, sparking outrage from loved ones who argued the sentence was too low.

The Wednesday hearing, at Stony Mountain prison, was to assess whether Goodman could be deemed a manageable risk if granted day or full parole.

Parole Board of Canada member Lesley Monkman said he wasn’t ready for either.

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Thursday, Sep. 18, 2025

GOFUNDME

Jordyn Reimer

GOFUNDME
                                Jordyn Reimer
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Mayor, inner circle want assaults on firefighters, paramedics added to Criminal Code

Chris Kitching 4 minute read Preview
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Mayor, inner circle want assaults on firefighters, paramedics added to Criminal Code

Chris Kitching 4 minute read Wednesday, Sep. 17, 2025

Physical assaults and threats against Winnipeg firefighters and paramedics have become a regular occurrence on the job, prompting a push within city hall for changes to Canada’s Criminal Code.

Mayor Scott Gillingham said 58 assaults or threats were reported by the Winnipeg Fire Paramedic Service halfway through 2025 — a figure that one union says is likely underreported by a large margin.

“When you’ve got firefighters, firefighter paramedics and paramedics attending a call to try to help someone, they shouldn’t be assaulted,” Gillingham told reporters. “When they are, there’s got to be consequences for individuals who assault our front-line workers.”

At a meeting Tuesday, city hall’s executive policy committee unanimously endorsed a motion, introduced by the mayor, that calls on Ottawa to amend the Criminal Code to make assaults against firefighters and paramedics a distinct offence, and increase penalties for aggravated assaults against first responders.

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Wednesday, Sep. 17, 2025

TREVOR HAGAN/FREE PRESS FILES

Winnipeg city hall’s executive policy committee is calling on Ottawa to amend the Criminal Code to make assaults against firefighters and paramedics a distinct offence, and increase penalties for aggravated assaults against first responders.

TREVOR HAGAN/FREE PRESS FILES
                                Winnipeg city hall’s executive policy committee is calling on Ottawa to amend the Criminal Code to make assaults against firefighters and paramedics a distinct offence, and increase penalties for aggravated assaults against first responders.
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Manitoba municipalities and financial controls

Deveryn Ross 4 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 16, 2025

Late last month, Manitoba Auditor General Tyson Shtykalo released a report aimed at ensuring the provincial government exercises greater oversight over spending by municipal governments across the province.

Following a yearlong investigation of allegations of financial mismanagement by several local governments, the AG discovered that the province does not currently have a comprehensive process to follow up on complaints regarding municipal governments, review financial submissions made by them, or even monitor the spending of provincial grants they receive.

Shtykalo emphasized that the province provides millions of dollars in funding to municipalities annually and that, “With this funding comes a responsibility — both for municipalities and the Department of Municipal and Northern Relations — to ensure effective stewardship of public resources.”

To many Manitobans, that is likely regarded as nothing more than stating the obvious. All recipients of public funds must handle those monies with care and be both transparent and accountable for how the dollars are spent. And yet, the auditor general found that adequate controls are not currently in place to ensure that is happening.

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Province creates hunting buffer zone on Bloodvein First Nation

Carol Sanders 3 minute read Preview
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Province creates hunting buffer zone on Bloodvein First Nation

Carol Sanders 3 minute read Monday, Sep. 15, 2025

The Manitoba government is creating a buffer zone restricting where non-Indigenous hunters can harvest moose on Bloodvein First Nation’s traditional lands.

Manitoba Natural Resources and Indigenous Futures Minister Ian Bushie announced the change late Monday as moose season began for game hunting areas 17, 17A and 17B that includes the traditional areas of the First Nation, located 285 kilometres north of Winnipeg.

The community, which established a check stop to prevent illegal drugs and contraband from entering the First Nation, warned “outside hunters” on social media weeks ago that they’re not welcome to take moose on their traditional lands.

The Manitoba Wildlife Federation has questioned the First Nation’s authority to block licensed hunters with a moose tag from the area and called on the provincial government to intervene.

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Monday, Sep. 15, 2025

A moose grazes in a field of canola bordering the Trans-Canada Highway west of Brandon last year. On Monday, the Manitoba Wildlife Federation applied for a judicial review of the province’s decision to reduce the number of available moose tags for four hunting areas in northern Manitoba. (File)

A moose grazes in a field of canola bordering the Trans-Canada Highway west of Brandon last year. On Monday, the Manitoba Wildlife Federation applied for a judicial review of the province’s decision to reduce the number of available moose tags for four hunting areas in northern Manitoba. (File)
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First Anishinaabe woman Bar Association president prioritizes mentorship, protecting the rule of law

Melissa Martin 8 minute read Preview
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First Anishinaabe woman Bar Association president prioritizes mentorship, protecting the rule of law

Melissa Martin 8 minute read Sunday, Sep. 14, 2025

In 1991, when Stacey Soldier was just 15 years old, Manitoba marked a watershed moment. After three years of hearings, the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry released its final report, a searing reckoning with how the province’s police and justice system had failed Indigenous people.

At home in Thompson, Soldier watched news of the inquiry unfold on TV. (“We were only allowed to watch the news in our house,” she says with a laugh.) The Anishinaabe teen was inspired to see an Indigenous judge, then-Justice Murray Sinclair, co-presiding over the proceedings, and was transfixed by the findings.

It felt “thrilling for justice,” she recalls. But it was also a stark lesson in the challenges her people faced to obtain it.

“One thing that the AJI made clear is that this is a system that wasn’t designed to help Indigenous communities and people in any way,” she says, chatting at her law firm Cochrane Sinclair’s Exchange District offices last week.

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Sunday, Sep. 14, 2025

RUTH BONNEVILLE / FREE PRESS

Stacey Soldier, the first Anishinaabe woman to serve as president of the Manitoba Bar Association, has been mentoring young Indigenous law students.

RUTH BONNEVILLE / FREE PRESS 
                                Stacey Soldier, the first Anishinaabe woman to serve as president of the Manitoba Bar Association, has been mentoring young Indigenous law students.
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Equatorial Guinea enforces yearlong internet outage for island that protested construction company

Ope Adetayo, The Associated Press 6 minute read Preview
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Equatorial Guinea enforces yearlong internet outage for island that protested construction company

Ope Adetayo, The Associated Press 6 minute read Thursday, Oct. 16, 2025

LAGOS, Nigeria (AP) — When residents of Equatorial Guinea's Annobón island wrote to the government in Malabo in July last year complaining about the dynamite explosions by a Moroccan construction company, they didn't expect the swift end to their internet access.

Dozens of the signatories and residents were imprisoned for nearly a year, while internet access to the small island has been cut off since then, according to several residents and rights groups.

Local residents interviewed by The Associated Press left the island in the past months, citing fear for their lives and the difficulty of life without internet.

Banking services have shut down, hospital services for emergencies have been brought to a halt and residents say they rack up phone bills they can't afford because cellphone calls are the only way to communicate.

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Thursday, Oct. 16, 2025

A man paddles a canoe in Annobón Island, Equatorial Guinea, Sunday, June 12, 2022. (AP Photo)

A man paddles a canoe in Annobón Island, Equatorial Guinea, Sunday, June 12, 2022. (AP Photo)
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Local engineer was a real game changer

John Longhurst 5 minute read Preview
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Local engineer was a real game changer

John Longhurst 5 minute read Saturday, Sep. 13, 2025

Forty-seven years ago, George Klassen had an idea that improved the lives of millions of people in Bangladesh. It was for a hand-powered rower pump, a classic piece of simple, inexpensive and appropriate technology that poor farmers could use to irrigate their crops.

Today, an estimated 500,000 rower pumps are still in operation, benefitting more than 2.5 million people in that southeast Asian country — a legacy to Klassen’s vision, curiosity and ingenuity.

Klassen, who died on April 15 in Steinbach, spent his early years in Blumenort (near Gretna) before moving with his parents and 10 siblings to a farm near Steinbach. After graduating from the University of Manitoba with a B.Sc., he taught science and math in Nigeria with Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) for three years.

There, he became convinced the best way he could serve people in the global south was by assisting them with practical skills and knowledge. With that in mind, when Klassen returned to Canada he decided to go back to the University of Manitoba to study engineering.

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Saturday, Sep. 13, 2025
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Nation building needs research — not just infrastructure

Mario Pinto 4 minute read Saturday, Sep. 13, 2025

Living through the second Trump administration as a Canadian has been likened, by one commentator, to a teenager being kicked out of the house. We must grow up fast and deal with the fact that we can now only rely on ourselves. So, the federal government is moving fast on files related to security, sovereignty and connectivity. The Liberals passed Bill C-5 to expedite projects that will help Canadians live on our own. Wonderful.

But.

In our rush forward, we cannot overlook the power of nation-building research, which must go hand-in-glove with these infrastructure projects. Research and infrastructure are not competing priorities: they are essential partners in nation-building.

Bill C-5, the Building Canada Act, grants the federal government sweeping powers to quickly build large projects that help goods move faster and more easily. This act intends to strengthen our security, autonomy, resilience and advance the interests of Indigenous Peoples. But there can be no nation-building without nation-building research.